[1.] Details of Augustine's early life come for the most part from his Confessions. On all biographical points, the reader should consult P. Brown, Augustine of Hippo (London, 1967) for documentation and further information.

[2.] See H.-I. Marrou, Saint Augustin et la fin de la culture antique (Paris, 1948).

[3.] See H. Hagendahl, Augustine and the Latin Classics (Göteborg, 1967).

[4.] Our knowledge of Manicheism is in a state of flux; best is S.N.C. Lieu, Manicheism (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1985) for the state of affairs in Africa see now F. Decret, L'Afrique manichéenne (Paris: Études augustiniennes, 1978). A recently-discovered Greek life of Mani himself is offering exciting new light; see A. Henrichs, "The Cologne Mani Codex Reconsidered," Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 83(1979): 339-367; and L. Koenen, Illinois Classical Studies 3(1978): 154-195; the text itself is published by Henrichs and Koenen, Der Kölner Mani-Kodex: über das Werden seines Leibes (Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag, 1988) and translated by R. Cameron and A.J. Dewey (Missoula MT: Scholars Press, 1979).

[5.] Symmachus is more famous as the last public spokesman of paganism in the western Roman empire: J. Matthews, Western Aristocracies and Imperial Court, A.D. 364-425 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1975) 12-17, 205-210.

[6.] Matthews, op. cit. 56-87.

[7.] There has been much debate about the composition of the dialogues; see J. O'Meara, "The historicity of the early dialogues of Saint Augustine," Vigiliae Christianae 5(1951): 150-178.

[8.] Augustine's life as bishop is well portrayed in F. Van Der Meer, Augustine the Bishop (London, 1961).

[9.] See W.H.C. Frend, The Donatist Church (Oxford, 1952).

[10.] P. Brown, "Saint Augustine's attitude to religious coercion," Journal of Roman Studies 54(1964): 107-116; R.A. Markus, Saeculum (Cambridge, 1970; second ed., 1988) 133-153.

[11.] G. de Plinval, Pélage: ses écrits, sa vie et sa réforme (Lausanne, 1943).